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# International Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJAPSR): The IJAPSR, indexed by Elsevier Embase, Clinical Key, and EmBiology Care, is a peer-reviewed journal that aims to publish articles in the area of Pharmacy.

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## Portfolio Items
- [D411506040626](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/d411506040626/): Background: Hypertension cases continue to increase both in numbers and their impact upon the quality of life of the affected individuals. A major hindrance to achieving blood pressure control in hypertension is non-adherence to medication. A key factor for poor adherence is the lack of confidence in therapy, and this is expressed sometimes through self-medication with herbal medicines and over-the-counter medicines. The study assessed the prevalence of herbal medicine use among hypertensive patients accessing care at the Outpatient Department of Asamankese Government Hospital. Methods: The study design is a cross-sectional descriptive study. The study was conducted in the outpatient department of Asamankese Government Hospital in the West Akim Municipality of the Eastern Region of Ghana. Participants recruited for the study were hypertensive patients aged 18 years or older who attended the study facility during the study period and provided informed consent. Participants were systematically recruited from all hypertensive patients visiting the Outpatients Department of the study facility by selecting every third patient who came to the pharmacy to take their medications. Results: A very high proportion of participants (90.1%) had at some point used herbal medicine for a health condition. A significant proportion (41.3%) of the participants were found still using herbal products at the time of this study. Most participants (85.1%) who used herbal medicine did so because they were seeking a cure. A very high proportion (86%) had not disclosed their use of herbal medicine to their healthcare providers. Conclusion: The prevalence of herbal medicine use among hypertensive patients receiving care from the outpatient department of the facility was found to be high, with the reason for use being a search for a cure. Herbal medicine use largely remained undisclosed to healthcare providers.
- [D411406040626](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/d411406040626/): Sexual intention is an important predictor of sexual behaviour and sexual risk-taking among youths. Understanding the determinants of sexual intention is essential for developing effective sexual and reproductive health interventions. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sexual intention and its associated factors among youths in Samarahan District, Sarawak. A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 302 youths aged 18–24 years in Samarahan District, Sarawak. Data were collected using structured self-administered questionnaires based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour framework. Variables assessed included socio-demographic characteristics, youth attitudes, perceived social norms, selfefficacy, internet pornography usage, sexual intention, and sexual risk behaviour. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chisquare tests, and correlation analysis. The mean age of respondents was 21.31 years (SD = 1.80). Sexual activity prevalence among respondents was 6.3%. Ethnicity and religion were significantly associated with sexual intention, whereby Malay and Muslim youths were less likely to report sexual intention. Youths with more permissive attitudes and higher self-efficacy scores were more likely to report sexual intention. Internet pornography usage was significantly associated with sexual intention. Sexual intention was also significantly associated with sexual risk behaviour. Sexual intention among youths in Samarahan District was significantly associated with sociodemographic and psychosocial factors, particularly permissive attitudes, religion, ethnicity, and internet pornography usage. The findings highlight the importance of culturally sensitive and comprehensive sexual health programmes that address behavioural attitudes, digital media exposure, and safe sexual practices among youths. Keywords: Sexual Intention, Youths, Sexual Risk Behaviour, Internet Pornography, Sarawak, Theory of Planned Behaviour.
- [D411206040626](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/d411206040626/): Due to the extensive use of pharmaceuticals, their presence in the environment is ubiquitous. Such compounds are classified as emerging contaminants and pose a risk to the microbial flora, which contributes to the balanced functioning of ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. This paper aims to provide an overview of the characteristics, persistence, and impacts of pharmaceutical pollution, particularly its influence on the microbial world. To conduct research on the topic under consideration, a literature review approach was applied through data collected from analysis, molecular, and environmental methods. The method can be useful for studying the characteristics of pharmaceuticals and their impact on soil and aquatic ecosystems. Besides, it is useful for determining how microbes counteract the adverse effects of pharmaceutical contamination. Pharmaceutical pollution has a significant effect on the microbial world. An increased amount of these compounds promotes horizontal gene transfer, which is responsible for the development of antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms. Furthermore, due to persistence, pharmaceutical pollutants accumulate and biomagnify in ecosystems, becoming part of food chains and posing risks to ecosystems and people. Importantly, some bacteria and fungi degrade pharmaceutical products enzymatically, which opens perspectives for bioremediation approaches. Pharmaceutical pollution can significantly impact ecosystems, as its effects extend beyond microorganisms. Rather, the effect extends to higher trophic levels, thus negatively impacting ecosystems and human beings. As noted above, conventional approaches to reducing pharmaceutical pollutants in wastewater are often ineffective. Therefore, the use of microbial remediation, improved wastewater treatment techniques, and more environmentally friendly pharmaceuticals needs to be explored.
- [C410906030426](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/c410906030426/): Introduction: Diabetes is one of the most common and complex chronic diseases, requiring continuous management to prevent serious complications that affect the patient’s quality of life. The research problem lies in the gap between drug therapy and the patient’s daily behaviors and psychological state. Our study aims to determine the prevalence of diabetic complications (cardiac, ophthalmic, and neurological) and their relationship to laboratory indicators, health behaviors, and psychological disorders such as depression. Methods: This study employed a descriptive-analytical approach. We used an electronic questionnaire distributed to a random sample of 100 diabetic patients attending various hospitals. The study focused on collecting demographic data, laboratory indicators (HbA1c, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides), and assessing dietary habits, physical activity, and the patients’ psychological state through a set of questions. We then statistically analysed the data to assess correlations among these variables. Results: The age group most affected was 50-69 years, accounting for 68% of participants. Clinical data revealed poor glycemic control, with approximately 83% of patients having HbA1c levels above 6.5%. Elevated triglyceride levels were also observed in 60% of the sample. Behavioral questionnaires revealed that 53% of participants did not undergo regular checkups, and obesity was prevalent, with 48.9% of participants having a body mass index (BMI) over 30. A notable finding was the strong correlation between psychological state and disease management, with 46% of participants experiencing depressive symptoms, which negatively impacted their treatment adherence. Cardiovascular (40%) and vascular (38.5%) complications were the most common among the sample. Conclusion: Our study revealed that diabetic complications are not solely linked to poor clinical control of blood sugar and lipid levels, but are significantly impacted by neglecting psychological aspects and the absence of a culture of regular follow-up. Therefore, based on our research, we recommend integrating psychological support as a fundamental component of the treatment plan for diabetic patients, and we emphasise the importance of health education on self-monitoring and adherence to dietary guidelines to minimise the health burden of advanced complications.
- [C411106030426](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/c411106030426/): The visual features of oral solid dosage forms have been shown to influence users’ perceptions and expectations of medications. This study aimed to evaluate how colour and shape impact perceived safety and expected therapeutic efficacy of tablets and capsules, and to investigate potential differences between human perceptual responses and model-based predictions. A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out using an online questionnaire with images of tablets and capsules. The final analysis included 80 participants. Participants assessed perceived safety and efficacy based on tablet colour, tablet shape, and capsule colour. Descriptive statistics were used, and correlations between gender and perceptual responses were examined using the chi-square test. Blue tablets and white capsules were most frequently associated with higher perceived safety, while tablet colour showed limited influence on perceived efficacy. In contrast, tablet shape demonstrated a stronger association with expected therapeutic efficacy, with oblong tablets being most frequently perceived as more effective. Capsule colour appeared to influence expectations of efficacy more strongly than tablet colour. Statistically significant gender differences in efficacy perceptions by colour were observed for both tablets and capsules (p < 0.05), whereas no significant gender differences were found for safety-related perceptions. Visual attributes, particularly shape and colour, influence users’ perceptions of oral solid dosage forms, with tablet shape emerging as a more salient cue for efficacy expectations than colour. These findings highlight the importance of empirical assessment of human perceptual responses when considering visual design elements in patient-centred pharmaceutical development.
- [C411006030426](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/c411006030426/): Retinal, a derivative of vitamin A, has a high importance in cosmetic skincare due to its ability to accelerate cell renewal and stimulate collagen production. However, there is a growing need to investigate consumers’ knowledge of this active ingredient’s use and side effects. This study aimed to assess knowledge and practices regarding the use of topical retinoids among Syrians. 128 Responses were collected. Two quarters of the participants were female and 18-35 years old. Most participants had a basic awareness of the benefits of retinol, especially for acne and wrinkle treatment. However, they relied on non-medical sources for information about retinal. Some participants experienced side effects such as dryness and irritation after using retinal. However, these effects did not prevent them from continuing to use it to achieve the desired results. 75% of users reported a noticeable improvement in their skin after using retinal, leading them to recommend it to others. The results of this study indicate a growing use of retinal among Syrians, highlighting the role of doctors in providing appropriate guidance on the correct method of application, including the timing and frequency of application and how to reduce its side effects.
- [C410806030426](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/c410806030426/): The present study aimed to assess lung function tests (PFTs) among Traffic Police personnel in the Jammu region, who work in a high-exposure zone. It is a cross-sectional study conducted after obtaining ethical approval from the committee vide no. IEC/GMC/2022/1013, dated 05-03-2022. The study involved 120 traffic police officers and compared them with healthy individuals, including subgroup analyses between rural and urban areas. PFTs, including FVC, FEV, FEV3, PEFR, and MVV, were recorded for all participants using the computerised spirometer MESPIROR. Results revealed a significant reduction in mean FEV and PEFR among police personnel with longer exposure to traffic duty, with a more pronounced decrease among urban traffic police. Overall, the study concludes that periodic respiratory assessments and preventive strategies are recommended.
- [C410706030426](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/c410706030426/): The purpose of this study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of bay laurel extract (Laurus nobilis, L. nobilis) on chicken meat during storage for 15 days at a temperature 4 C̊ . Chicken meat was treated either with doxycycline (positive control) or with bay laurel extracts (100ppm,300ppm,900ppm), negative control was chicken meat without any treatment. The Folin measured total phenolic content- ciocalteu colorimetric method. The total plate count (TPC) of bacteria was monitored after the days (1-7-14) of treatment. All extracts showed antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria, but the 900-ppm concentration was most effective for extending the shelf life of chicken meat.
- [B410606020226](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/b410606020226/): The rapid expansion of telemedicine has reshaped healthcare delivery, particularly amid increased demand for remote services. However, disparities in usage, awareness, and trust remain significant barriers. This study investigates the patterns of telemedicine adoption, perceptions of safety protocols, and associated challenges among healthcare professionals and patients. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in November 2024, involving 111 participants: 3.5% healthcare professionals and 86.5% patients. Data were collected via Google Forms distributed through social networks and during patient counselling sessions. The questionnaire assessed demographics, frequency of telemedicine usage, and awareness of telehealth safety measures, including data privacy and security. Results showed that 42.3% of respondents used telemedicine occasionally, motivated by convenience, while 27% used it rarely due to limited awareness, trust concerns, and usability issues. Frequent users (5.4%) were typically more technologically adept. Younger participants (18–30 years) demonstrated higher acceptance and ease of use, whereas older individuals (>50 years) required simplified interfaces and additional guidance. Awareness of data security protocols was inconsistent—18.2% were unaware, and 44% only partially informed. Notably, even healthcare providers with fewer than 5 years of experience reported challenges in using telehealth tools effectively. The study highlights critical barriers to telemedicine adoption, including limited awareness, trust issues, and user interface difficulties, particularly for older adults and inexperienced providers. To promote broader adoption, the study recommends targeted interventions, including public awareness campaigns, enhanced communication about safety protocols, user-friendly platform designs, integration of telemedicine into routine care, and specialised training for healthcare professionals.
- [B410506020226](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/b410506020226/): Presents an ethnobotanical and botanical survey of medicinal plants in Talal Sakambhari District of Udaipurwati District under Jhunjhunu District of Rajasthan State. The Sakambhari Hills are part of the semi-arid Shekhawati environment, which supports diverse plant communities traditionally used in local tribal and village health practices. This study was conducted to investigate local knowledge of medicinal plant uses and to assess the ecological distribution and community structure of these species. 35 species of traditional medicinal plants, belonging to 22 families, have been identified, highlighting the wealth of traditional plant knowledge and the need to conserve these valuable resources, which are often threatened with extinction in the region.
- [B410306020226](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/b410306020226/): The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. Many studies indicated the health-supporting effects of phenolic compounds in reducing the symptoms of PCOS. The richness of Origanum Majorana in phenolic compounds may enable it to have a role in the treatment of PCOS when it is consumed as a functional drink. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Origanum Majorana on the number and size of cysts in patients with PCOS. Origanum Majorana tea (2 g of Origanum Majorana in 200 ml water) was consumed daily by ten PCOS women for two months, with monitoring of the size and number of cysts. The consumption of Origanum Majorana tea decreased the number of cysts, since there were no more patients with high cyst numbers (more than 15 cysts). Additionally, the percentage of patients with 11-15 cysts decreased to 20%, while an increase in the number of patients with fewer than 11 cysts was recorded (p-value < 0.05). On the other hand, giving Origanum majorana tea to women with PCOS reduced cyst size; the percentage of patients with very small cysts increased to 50%, with no patients having cysts between 8 and 15 mm. Consumption of Origanum majorana tea reduced the number and size of the PCOS lesions, indicating a therapeutic role for O. majorana in PCOS when consumed as a herbal tea. It could be said that the phenolic compounds present in Origanum Majorana tea improved the condition regardless of age. Diet and BMI can affect patients’ outcomes after consuming Origanum majorana tea.
- [B410206020226](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/b410206020226/): This review analyses innovative semi-hemic bioinspired iron (III) complexes and their utility as catalysts for oxygen atom transfer (OAT) in both chemical and photochemical contexts. The research is motivated by the biological function of human endosulfatases (e.g., HSulf1 and HSulf2), enzymes that regulate heparan sulfate (HS) sulfation—a modification with profound roles in cancer, inflammation, and related pathologies. We detail the synthesis and characterization of novel dipyrrinsupported iron complexes engineered to stabilize high-valent ironoxo intermediates, which are critical reactive species in OAT catalysis. Emphasis is placed on employing green oxidants such as dioxygen and water to promote sustainable and efficient catalytic processes consistent with environmentally benign principles. Mechanistic insights into OAT pathways, elucidated through spectroscopic techniques, reveal detailed interactions between the iron centre and substrate molecules. A primary obstacle in the field—the instability of high-valent iron intermediates—is being addressed through innovative activation strategies that enhance both catalytic reactivity and complex stability. Additionally, the review summarises progress in developing endosulfatase inhibitors, particularly sulfamate-based agents, which offer promising avenues for modulating HS sulfation patterns. By elucidating fundamental iron-catalyzed mechanisms and refining the design of selective inhibitors, this work establishes a foundation for novel therapeutic approaches targeting diseases driven by aberrant HS activity. Future directions will focus on improving inhibitor potency and selectivity, as well asinvestigating targeted delivery methods. Together, these developments not only advance the fundamental understanding of iron-mediated oxidation chemistry but also forge new connections between glycochemistry and biomedical applications.
- [F409505061025](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/f409505061025/): This project introduces “Skintelix,” a novel, multimodal artificial intelligence (AI) assistant designed to augment pharmacists’ decision-making in the preliminary assessment and management of common skin conditions. Leveraging advanced generative AI models, specifically GPT-4V, the system integrates textual symptom analysis with clinical image processing to provide accurate differential diagnoses and evidence-based treatment recommendations. The development of Skintelix followed a three-tiered architectural model, comprising a user-centric conversational interface, a robust AI core engine, and a scalable pharmacy integration layer. The model was trained on a multi-source dataset, combining established global dermatology image repositories (such as HAM10000, DDI, and SCIN) with real-world clinical data from community pharmacies and authoritative medical references. This hybrid approach was deliberately employed to mitigate common algorithmic biases and enhance clinical relevance. The system’s ability to process both images and text, its adoption of a conversational format, and its focus on locally relevant clinical contexts represent significant contributions to the field. Skintelix offers a comprehensive theoretical framework to enhance diagnostic accuracy, minimise unnecessary specialist referrals, and enable pharmacists to serve as a more effective first-line defence in dermatological care. While a full-scale clinical validation is a crucial next step, the preliminary design demonstrates high feasibility and considerable promise for sustainable deployment in challenging environments. Keywords: Generative AI, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Community Pharmacy, Digital Health, Dermatology, Multimodal AI, Pharmacist, Skin Conditions.
- [F409005061025](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/f409005061025/): Self-medication is a widespread practice in Syria, driven by socioeconomic challenges and limited healthcare access. This study assessed self-medication trends among Syrian families using a pharmacist-distributed questionnaire, examining the prevalence, motivations, types of medication, risks, and information sources. The results revealed that 97.6% of participants considered self-medication common, with pain relievers (92.5%) and cold/flu medications (68.8%) being the most frequently used. Key motivations included financial constraints (57.5%), cultural habits (46.3%), and difficulty accessing doctors (41.3%). Despite most participants recognizing potential risks, such as incorrect diagnosis (71.3%) and drug interactions (53.8%), informal sources, including family/friends (79.7%) and the internet (43%), remained the primary information channels. In comparison, physicians played a minimal role (6.3%). Pharmacists reported that self-medication increased pharmacy visits (41.3%), yet only 42.5% felt confident in providing adequate counselling. Nearly all respondents (97.5%) emphasized the need for greater public awareness. These findings underscore the pressing need for interventions to reduce reliance on self-medication, including enhanced access to healthcare, pharmacist training, and targeted educational campaigns. Addressing these issues is critical to mitigating risks and promoting safer healthcare practices in Syria. Keywords: Self-medication, Survey, Awareness, Syrians, Pharmacists.
- [B410006020226](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/b410006020226/): Prescribing multiple medications increases the risk of drug interactions, which can be classified or ranked using various terms and methods. Drugs can interact with other drugs, foods, beverages, and herbs, both inside and outside the body. Understanding public awareness of medication use is crucial for maintaining health. This study assessed the knowledge and personal experiences of drug interactions among 140 Syrians via a social media survey. The participant demographic was predominantly female (55.1%), aged 20-30 (58.3%), held a bachelor’s degree (57%), and worked in the healthcare field (77.1%). All respondents (100%) were aware of drug interactions, with Drug-Drug interactions being the most recognized type (88.1%). The majority of respondents (70.3%) read medication leaflets and perceived the risk of interactions as moderate (53.4%) . Notably, 54.2% of participants reported having personally experienced a serious drug interaction, with nausea/vomiting (46.8%) being the most common symptom. Upon suspicion of an interaction, most consulted a doctor (55.9%) or a pharmacist (37.3%). While 58.6% felt sufficiently informed about drug interactions, an apparent reliance on and preference for pharmacists was evident: they were a primary information source (57.3%) and the most preferred method for gaining awareness (55.9%). In conclusion, despite high theoretical awareness, a significant portion of this health-literate cohort experienced drug interactions, underscoring a critical gap between knowledge and real-world outcomes. The central role of pharmacists was highlighted as a key resource for public education and intervention. Keywords: Drug Interactions, Knowledge, Survey, Syrians.
- [A409906011225](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/a409906011225/): Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus Moench) is an essential nutritional horticultural crop grown primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. It is cultivated mainly for food, as the most critical energy source and for medicinal uses in the tropics. In Ethiopia, oka is grown in some areas of North Western Ethiopia, with several advantages over other cereals as a food staple in areas with poor soil conditions, uncertain rainfall, and weak market infrastructure. Despite research on crop adaptability, selection, nutritional and anti-nutritional factors, there is a lack of information on the overall status, challenges, and the future role of Okra production in Ethiopia. This paper, therefore, provided a brief overview of genetic improvement, agronomic research, nutritional aspects, biochemical analysis, anti-nutritional factors, disease and insect pest management, and future research directions of Okra in Ethiopia. Moreover, genetic improvement, agronomic research, nutritional research, medicinal research, and anti-nutritional research. Different research findings have been obtained and registered since the inception of research on Okra in Ethiopia, including agronomic practices, crop protection technologies, and biochemical analyses of nutritional composition and anti-nutritional factors. The availability of these outputs in a compiled and comprehensive way is essential for enhancing the production and productivity of Okra in Ethiopia and to influence the policy makers to consider Okra underutilized crop not known by most of the country, enabling the introduction of scale-up to be known as one of the prominent food and nutrition security crops in the country. Hence, the article could serve as a helpful reference resource for researchers, students, agricultural extension workers, and NGOs working in Ethiopia on root and tuber crops in general and Okra in particular. Keywords: Breeding, Biochemical, Crop Protection, Food Security, Okr.
- [A409706011225](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/a409706011225/)
- [F409205061025](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/f409205061025/)
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- [E407905050825](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/e407905050825/)
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- [E408405050825](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/e408405050825/)
- [D4020063423](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/d4020063423/)
- [E408105050825](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/e408105050825/)
- [C4013043323](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/c4013043323/)
- [E407805050825](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/e407805050825/)
- [F4026103623](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/f4026103623/)
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- [C407405030425](https://www.ijapsr.latticescipub.com/portfolio-item/c407405030425/)

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