Volume-4 Issue-3, April 2024 – International Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJAPSR)

E408605050825

IJAPSR Journal — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 10:19:04 +0000

The International Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research (IJAPSR) has ISSN 2582-7618 (online), open-access, peer-reviewed, periodical bi-monthly international journal, which is published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP) in February, April, June, August, October and December. The journal aims to publish high-quality peer–reviewed original articles in the area of Pharmaceutical Sciences that covers Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Medical Physiology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest. #Pharmaceutical Technology #Pharmaceutics #Biopharmaceutics #Pharmacokinetics #Medical Physiology Pharmaceutical Chemistry #Medicinal Chemistry #Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design #Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry #Pharmacology #Pharmaceutical Analysis #Pharmacy Practice #Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy #Cell Biology #Genomics and Proteomics #Pharmacogenomics #Bioinformatics #Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest #PhD #Academic #Scopus #SCI #LatticeScience #Springer, #ScienceDirect #IEEE #Mendeley #Research #Scholarship #UGC #SSRN #LatticeScience #ESCI #Science #Journal #Conference #SSRN #PubLons

Sepsis Associated Encephalopathy: Pathology, Diagnosis and Therapeutic Interventions
Dharmanka Bandyopadhyay¹, Deepak Mishra²

¹Dharmanka Bandyopadhyay, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow (U.P.), India.

²Deepak Mishra, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow (U.P.), India.

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© The Authors. Published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP). This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: Sepsis, a potentially lethal organ dysfunction caused by dysregulated host response to infection, occurs in more than 30 million patients annually worldwide. Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is an early and common complication, manifesting as acute delirium and coma, and often resulting in long-term cognitive dysfunction. This review distils current knowledge of the intricate pathophysiology of sepsis-induced brain dysfunction. The aetiology is multifactorial, resulting from a severe systemic inflammatory response that compromises the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and permits peripheral inflammatory mediators to access the central nervous system. This initiates severe neuroinflammation through microglial and astrocytic activation, accompanied by oxidative stress, resulting in severe mitochondrial dysfunction and a state of “cytopathic hypoxia”. In addition, sepsis causes severe dysregulation of key neurotransmitter systems, including excitotoxic glutamate accumulation and dysfunctional cholinergic transmission, and disrupts hormonal homeostasis via the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis. Despite these elaborate descriptions, diagnostic strategies for SAE remain primarily based on clinical examination, and therapeutic interventions are limited to treating the underlying sepsis. This decision is underpinned by controversy regarding adjunctive treatments, such as corticosteroids and sedation. This review identifies the imperative requirement for specific diagnostic biomarkers and neuroprotective interventions to reduce the high morbidity and mortality of SAE and post-sepsis cognitive dysfunction.

Keywords: Sepsis, Brain, Neuroinflammation, Cognitive Impairment.
Scope of the Article: Pharmacy Practice

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A4031124123

IJAPSR Journal — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 09:07:22 +0000

Controlled Release of Doxorubicin, a Chemotherapy Medication using Papaya Enzyme ‘Papain’ Immobilized on ZIF-8
Benny Thomas¹, Divya Mathew²

¹Benny Thomas, Department of Chemistry, St Berchmans College, Changa Nassery, Kottayam, (Kerala), India.

²Divya Mathew, Department of Chemistry, St Berchmans College, Changa Nassery, Kottayam, (Kerala), India.

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© The Authors. Published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP). This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: An enzyme-mediated controlled drug delivery system is envisioned using a metal-organic framework (MOF). The pHdependent affinity of the enzyme towards the drug Doxorubicin is investigated. Doxorubicin is a chemotherapy medication for cancer treatment. Papain, a papaya enzyme belonging to the cysteine family, was chosen as the drug carrier for biomineralisation. Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are synthesised as the matrix for enzyme immobilisation. An encapsulation strategy was used for the immobilisation of both the enzyme and the drug into the carrier support. Encapsulation is envisioned as a one-pot synthesis. Both the systems DOX@ZIF-8 and DOX@Pap@ZIF-8 were found to be pH-sensitive for drug release. The DOX molecules are safely stored in the carrier matrix. Essentially no release of DOX was observed under physiological conditions. A papain-mediated drug delivery system is expected to be more specific and compelling in administering drugs at the right time and in the correct dose anywhere in the body than DOX@ZIF-8.

Keywords: Controlled Drug Release, Metal Organic Framework, Doxorubicin, ZIF-8, Papaya Enzyme, Papain, Enzyme Immobilization and Biomineralization.
Scope of the Article: Medicinal Chemistry

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E408405050825

IJAPSR Journal — Tue, 22 Jul 2025 07:19:30 +0000

Triazine: A Scaffold with Never Ending Pharmacological Potential
Brijeshkunvar Mishra¹, Richa Mishra²

¹Brijeshkunvar Mishra, RB Science Research Lab, Bhopal (M.P.), India.

²Richa Mishra, Indira Institute of Professional Studies, Bhopal (M.P.), India.

Abstract: Background: The triazine moiety occupies a unique position in medicinal chemistry due to its extensive biological and pharmacological potential. Over the decades, the moiety has been investigated for developing molecules that may be used to treat a plethora of pathological conditions, including inflammation, cancer, and infections. Several lead molecules have been developed from the triazine moiety. The fusion of triazine with other heterocyclic rings, such as imidazoles and pyrroles, has produced several bicyclic compounds with biological activity. The broad spectrum of activities displayed by triazines and the development of several commercial drugs containing triazines have led to growing interest among chemists worldwide in this moiety over the years. In this review, commercially available triazine molecules are presented, and an attempt has been made to compile the works reported by various researchers over the past decade, primarily related to the structural variations among triazine derivatives exhibiting antimicrobial, anticancer, and other biological activities. The objective of this review was to summarise recent reports on triazines and their analogues concerning their biological potential. Conclusion: The content of the review would help update researchers working towards the synthesis and design of new molecules for the treatment of several diseases, particularly those produced from the triazine scaffold.

Keywords: Triazine, Pharmacological Potential, Bioactivities.
Scope of the Article: Medical Physiology Pharmaceutical Chemistry

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C404004030424

IJAPSR Journal — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 05:00:11 +0000

The Global Impact of HIV: A Comprehensive Review
Osama Khatib¹, Tala Alshimale², Aya Alsaadi³, Nasser Thallaj⁴

¹Osama Khatib, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Rachid University, Damascus, Syria.

²Tala Alshimale, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Rachid University, Damascus, Syria.

³Aya Alsaadi, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Rachid University, Damascus, Syria.

⁴Prof. Dr. Nasser Thallaj, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Rachid University, Damascus, Syria.

Open Access | Editorial and Publishing Policies | Cite | Zenodo | OJS | Indexing and Abstracting
© The Authors. Published by Lattice Science Publication (LSP). This is an open-access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)

Abstract: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been a significant global health challenge since its discovery in the 1980s, leading to the devastating acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Despite advancements in medical research and antiretroviral therapies, HIV/AIDS remains a pressing public health concern, particularly in resource-limited regions. This comprehensive review provides updated data and scientific insights on the global impact of HIV, shedding light on the current state of the epidemic and the challenges faced in combating it. The review highlights the resurgence of HIV cases in Eastern European countries, such as Ukraine, Estonia, and Latvia, with surprising increases in AIDS cases observed in East Asian countries. However, it is in sub-Saharan Africa that the burden of HIV remains most acute, with high prevalence rates and a significant number of affected individuals. The region requires continued attention and resources to address the complex challenges associated with HIV prevention, treatment, and care. The article delves into the classification and structure of HIV, emphasising its belonging to the Lentivirinae subfamily, specifically HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1, the predominant viral species globally, exhibits a distinct clinical latency phase, contributing to its persistence and infectivity. The high replication rate and genetic variability of HIV, driven by the error-prone reverse transcriptase enzyme, result in the emergence of diverse subtypes and strains across different regions. Furthermore, the article examines the structural components of HIV-1, including the envelope glycoproteins (gp120 and gp41), the matrix protein, and various enzymes crucial to the viral life cycle. Despite progress in medical research and access to antiretroviral therapies, HIV/AIDS continues to present challenges such as limited resources, drug resistance, and regional disparities.

Keywords: HIV/AIDS; Global impact; Epidemic; Resource-limited regions; Sub-Saharan Africa; Eastern European countries; Lentivirinae subfamily; Antiretroviral therapies
Scope of the Article: Medical Physiology Pharmaceutical Chemistry

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C403904030424

IJAPSR Journal — Tue, 30 Apr 2024 04:49:05 +0000

A Survey of the Awareness and Practices of Antibiotic use Among College Undergraduates and Graduates in Latakia
Rita Morkous¹, Ayat Abbood²

¹Rita Morkous, Student, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tishreen, Latakia, Syria.

²Ayat Abbood, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tishreen, Latakia, Syria.

Abstract: Antibiotic resistance has become a global health crisis, posing a significant threat to our ability to treat bacterial infections. Over the years, the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both humans and animals have contributed to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This leads to longer and more complicated treatment courses, increased healthcare costs, and, in some cases, untreatable infections. In this study, a survey was conducted on antibiotic use among college undergraduates and graduates in Latakia. The age of 42.2% of participants was 20–25 years. More than half of the participants were male (55.9%). Most responses were from college undergraduates (51%), either final-year students or graduates. Most of them had used antibiotics with prescriptions. The highest rate of antibiotic use was for treating sore throats (47.1%). Most participants completed the antibiotic courses, and their symptoms improved (70.6%). Black and red pills remained effective for most patients (67.6%). Sixty-eight point six per cent of the participants would consult a doctor if their symptoms did not improve after taking antibiotics. 62.7% of the participants didn’t give antibiotics to a family member when they were sick. 52.9% of the participants reserve antibiotics for use when necessary. Half of the participants would take the leftover antibiotics in case of respiratory diseases. The results didn’t show a good level of knowledge about antibiotic use among college undergraduates and graduates in Latakia. This study aims to promote the improvement of public knowledge and attitudes regarding the appropriate use of antibiotics.

Keywords: Survey, Antibiotics, Resistance, Awareness, Practice.
Scope of the Article: Pharmacy Practice

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